@MaryamA
In PegaCloud and with latest Pega versions, need for application restarts has reduced. Also with rolling restart feature available in PegaCloud, impact of rolling restart to end user in negligible.
Some scenarios are:
Updating DSS settings. Some DSS settings which has changes to compiled engine codes would require restarts. There is no fixed format to distinguish between DSS setting which require restart or which do not require.
If there are cache sync issue between nodes post activity such as post application deployment, restart would be required.
Some hotfix installation also would require restart of all nodes. Please refer respective README files to verify if restart is required.