The fields related to the promoted filters in constellation are designed to filter the data for the associated table and not for validation purposes in most of the cases.
You might not be able to specifically restrict the year to choose, like we do it traditional UI (Next and Previous years), but you can create multiple filter criterias for your date field as shown below for the ease of user without selecting a date. This is similar to the options we get when we click on the Select Values button on a date field filter in a report definition.
I know it’s not exactly not fitting your requirement but i believe this is what we can do with the promoted till whatever i have seen in both v24 and v25. Other community members may pitch in here if they have any other ideas.